Article Review Paper Missing you maintains us

Article Review Paper: Missing you maintains us: missing a romantic partner, commitment, relationship maintenance and physical infidelity, by Le, Korn, Crockett and Loving.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Article Review Paper: Missing you maintains us specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prevalence of long distance romantic relationships has portrayed an increasing trend in the recent past. The cause of the increase is career development of the participants especially during their schooling. As a result, many researchers have embarked on several studies on the various aspects that are characteristic of long distance romantic relationships. This paper entails a review of an article based on one such study, Missing you maintains us: missing a romantic partner, commitment, relationship maintenance and physical infidelity, by Le, Korn, Crockett and Loving. As aforementioned, long distance relationships have attracte d the attention of several researchers. Some researchers have studied on the predictors of satisfaction of individuals involved in long distance relationships. In addition, some have researched on the interrelatedness of closeness, attachment as well as the satisfaction of students engaged in long distance relationships especially those in higher institutions of learning. Other studies highlight the nature of the long distance relationships with specific interest on the degree of interaction of the individuals in a given dyad and their perception about the effect of their commitment to their partner as well as to the relationship. The researchers employ either the equity theory or the interdependence theory in their studies. Both are extensions of social exchange theories. Most of the researchers study long-term long distance relationships. Only few researchers have studied some aspects of short-term long distance relationships. Drigottas, Safstrom and Gentilia carried out a researc h to study infidelity and commitment during short-term geographic separation relationships among college students (Le, et al., 2011, p.656). Recently, some researchers have focused on short-term geographic separations of individuals involved in romantic relationships. The authors of the article, Missing you maintains us: missing a romantic partner, commitment, relationship maintenance and physical infidelity, employed the interdependence theory to carry out a study based on short-term geographic separation of individuals in romantic relationships during their holiday.Advertising Looking for article on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major goal of their study was to examine the experience of missing a romantic partner as a function of the processes associated with commitment; relationship maintenance as well as physical infidelity as far as romantic relationships are concerned. The authors also acknowledge that the development and existence of romantic relationships involve a process that has two important aspects namely initializing the relationship and its maintenance. The article highlights the important factors that lead to the development of a relationship-relationship enhancing strategies. They include fidelity, optimism, commitment and task sharing between the two parties. They also note that a sense of belonging to the same social network is instrumental in enhancing the development of a romantic relationship. To ensure the durability of a relationship, irrespective of geographic separation, the dyad should uphold some relationship maintenance behaviors. Such behaviors are associated with satisfaction, liking and mutual control of all the aspects of the relationship. Of major importance is commitment of the partners to the relationship. The authors argue that commitment is important in determining the experience of missing a partner in a romantic relationship. They argue that partn ers who show much commitment to a given relationship adhere not only to the relationship enhancing strategies but also to the relationship maintenance behaviors to enhance the strength of their bond. Moreover, committed parties miss each other thus resulting in their zeal to remain in the relationship. In carrying out their study, the authors used a longitudinal design in examining the relationship between commitment and the associated experience of missing a partner across short-term geographic separations. They had a sample of 88 students-59 females and 29 males. They were all in romantic relationships thus experienced a geographic separation during their holidays. In order to attract these respondents to the study, the researchers made advertisements in the college website besides offering $5 to all the participants. The sample offered a good representation of all the races within the college. They collected data in four-time periods using internet-based surveys. The researchers collected their first data before the geographic separation. From their study, they found out that there exist a significant positive association between commitment and missing. They also pointed out that, commitment over shadowed positivity as the major aspect contributing to missing a romantic partner. Commitment determined an individual’s loyalty to the relationship enhancement and maintenance strategies-positivity being one of them.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Article Review Paper: Missing you maintains us specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors’ choice of the interdependence theory in the study is a major strength of the article. According to Rusbult and Lange (2003), the interdependence theory identifies the most significant characteristics of different intra-and interpersonal relationships by employing a comprehensive analysis of a given situation (p.352). Geographical separation presents different concerns that were the point of interest for the researchers thus best placed to employ the interdependence theory since they were interested in knowing the relationship between commitment and missing of a partner in a romantic relationship. Just as the article points out, commitment determines the level of missing as well as moral and physical fidelity in any romantic relationship. Individuals who are not committed to a given party and a relationship do not miss their partner thus increasing their chances of both physical and moral infidelity in their relationship (Stafford, 2005, p. 56). The article is also very informative as the authors acknowledge the works of other researchers on the phenomenon. They point out the works of Drigotas, Safstrom and Gentilia as well as Diamond, Hicks and Ottre-Henderson’s work. This gives the strategic place as well as the significance of their study in shading more light on long distance romantic relationships. It is an instrumental aspect of every work of study to link the relevancy of its findings to the works of other researchers in the given field. The article has a weakness: the authors did not highlight the assumptions that they made in carrying out their study. Assumptions are a fundamental aspect in most statistical works. For instance, they could have assumed that their payment did not deter their respondents in answering their questions. The $5 acted as an incentive to attract many respondents to the survey. This could have made some or even most of the respondents to answer the questions just for the sake of receiving the money without giving much attention to some questions providing false data for the study. I concur with the authors’ interpretation of their findings because I strongly belief that commitment in a romantic relationship results in the missing of a partner during geographic separations and that a committed party would follow the relationship maintenance strategies as well as uphold fidelity in the relationship.Advertising Looking for article on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article gives a clear account of missing a romantic partner as a functional process associated with commitment, physical infidelity as well as relationship maintenance in romantic relationships in periods when the involved undergo geographic separations. However, further research based on the significance of social networking sites in romantic relationships under geographical separations would be helpful in understanding the subject in this era where scientific and technological advancements are becoming more rampant in the society. References Le, B., Korn, M. S., Crockett, E. E., Loving, T. J. (2011). Missing You Maintains us:0 Missinga Romantic Partner, Commitment, Relationship Maintenance and Physical Infidelity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(5), 653-667. Rusbult, C.E., Lange, V. (2003). Interdependence, Interaction and Relationships.  Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 351-370. Stafford, L. (2005). Maintaining Long Distance and Cross-Residential Relation ships. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 54-57. This article on Article Review Paper: Missing you maintains us was written and submitted by user Wesley S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Are Women Important in Gulf Politics What are the Main Barriers to Gender Equality

Are Women Important in Gulf Politics What are the Main Barriers to Gender Equality Introduction Majority of the countries in the gulf region, are countries that are undergoing rapid political, social, and above all economic revolutions due to many changes that are taking place in varying spheres of life of their citizenry. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Are Women Important in Gulf Politics? What are the Main Barriers to Gender Equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes in the leadership orientations or styles have accompanied such radical changes, whereby presently, majority of nations are realizing the role of women, as concerns political and economic development hence, encouraging women participation in fields that many considered suitable for males previously. Such is the case in the gulf politics, whereby women are actively involved in the politics in present times. Although this is the case, it is important to note here that, still the struggle for gender equality faces man y challenges, a fact, which many attribute to the superiority in males’ nationality rights. Such superiority and many other societal forces have acted as major backward pooling forces on women’s endeavors to achieve gender equality. Although many may argue that, the currently existing women organization are fighting to ensure Gulf countries minimize such disparities, still as Krause (p. 1) argues, such efforts face many obstacles, with the currently existing forms of antagonism towards such efforts by Muslim fanatics. This paper will discuss the importance of women in the Gulf politics and main barriers, which the war against gender discrimination faces in countries that belong to this region. The Gulf Primarily, countries belonging to this region encircle the Persian Gulf, and form a section of nations, which form the Middle East. Examples of nations belonging to this locality include Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Palestinian regions, Jor dan, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Syrian Arab Republic. It is important to note that, there is a difference between these nations and nations, which belong to the Far East region for example, Taiwan and the republic of China (Gulf Today p.1). Gender and Politics in the Gulf Although to some extent women belonging to this region are making some progress towards liberation from gender discriminations, still their efforts face many challenges. This is because, research findings by the Nazir (p.1) clearly depicts that, in many ways, still patriarchal laws and many existing societal traditional practices constrain women efforts. Although this is the case, still many organizations that fights against such discriminations have been in the frontline in ensuring countries within this region accept the importance of women participation in all spheres of development. Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note here that, such struggles by gender discrimination fighting bodies have not been fruitless, because currently there is apparent political, social and economic freedom enjoyed by women in some countries, which belong to this region such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. On the other hand, although these countries have achieved such mileages as concerns achievement of gender equality, other countries within this region for example, Saudi Arabia still have high levels of such discriminations, a fact that many attribute to the cultural restrictions, which this country has imposed on women. Politically still women in this region face many challenges with majority of them loosing parliamentary seats to men, something that research has also attributed to the currently existing cultural and social impediments. As Shanahan (p.1) argues, such societal forces and many cultural barriers since time memorial h ave been the greatest impediment towards women’s struggle for representation. He further adds that, the political scenario in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Oman is worse. This is because; in these countries, women are purely underrepresented in the all-political arenas. Although individuals may argue that, in some countries such as Bahrain the gender based political orientation has shifted, still the disparities are clear primarily because, women form less than six percent of the entire parliament population. As Shanahan further states, majority of nations in this region still respect the olden â€Å"hereditary male rule.† In addition, majority of societies within this region believe in the polygamy concept, something that has been the main contributing factor to the disparity that exists. This is because; such traditional embraced practices have denied such societies female role models, and in case such role models occur for example, Sheikha Lubna (the United Arab Emirates foreign trade minister) then, there rise to power must have some support or connections to some ruling elites.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Are Women Important in Gulf Politics? What are the Main Barriers to Gender Equality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Are Women Important in Gulf Politics? As Peterson (34-35) argues, the minimal participation of women in politics is not an indication of lack of ruling supremacy. This is because, critically examination of the roles, which women played in the old Arab societies clearly show that, since time memorial, women have been active participants when it comes to issues that affects the family. In this regard, regardless of the way the society presents the image of women as concerns politics, women have a crucial role to play. Therefore, this makes it necessary for any ruling system to include women, being the vulnerable group in the community. In addition, it is only through such participations that women can have a stake in the decision making process on issues that affect their well-being. Due to the currently existing gender discriminations existing in the Gulf countries, majority of countries within this region overlook the role women can play as concerns political-economic development. This is because, when comparing literacy and educational achievement between women and men, both have achieved a lot. For example, the difference between literacy levels between men and women in the United Arab Emirates is 4%, whereby the men literacy achievement percentage stands at twenty five percent whereas, the women education and literacy achievement percentage stands at twenty one percentage. In other countries for example the republic of Qatar, the enrollment levels of boys and girls in the elementary school level stands at 95 % and 96 % respectively. The argument that such women achievements occur at lower level learning level s to some extent are wrong due to the increased number of female participants in higher education learning institutions. For example, in Kuwait, majority of students in higher learning institutions are women, a case that is almost similar in Bahrain, whereby more than 72% of students in higher learning centers are women (Krause, p. 8). Comparing this figures and the nature of contributions such educational achievements can make to these country’s politics is a clear indication that, women too have a role to play as concerns the political development of these countries. This is the case primarily because; there is a close correlation between educational achievement and economic development. Further, economic development depends on the nature of the ruling elites, for they are the main decision makers in any national scenario. In addition, to such educational achievements, as Abano (p.1) argues, majority of women in this region have the potential to perform and deliver quality results politically. She defends her position by arguing that, gender differentiations are products of many societal forces originating from some groups, a case that is evident in Kuwait, when it comes to the beliefs held by the Fundamentalist Islamic Groups.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She further adds that, considering the continuous advancement, as concerns winning of some parliamentary seats by some women parliamentarians, it becomes necessary for global societies more so the gulf countries to reformulate their policies as concerns gender differentiations. This is because; there is a lot that women can play as concerns the political development of these countries. Clear manifestation of the importance of women in any political scenario in this region is apparent in Omani. As Fatany and Talei (Para. 3-4) argue, majority of women actively involved in politics have a sense of commitment, as concerns the economic development of their countries. They further add that, there presence in the political arena has seen the country develop most of its economy sections that the country had previously neglected. Although this is the case, it is important to note that, it has never been easy for women to attain such achievements because at all times they have to strictly ad here to men dominated governmental imposed policies hence, the little achievement associated with their efforts. On the other hand, it is important to note that; majority of voters in some countries in this region is women. For example, research findings by the Yale Global Center on the voting patterns of Bahrain in 2002 showed that, more than fifty-one percent of the voters were females hence, clearly showing the importance of female when it comes to politics of this region (Janardhan, P. 1). Main Barriers to Gender Equality Achievement of gender equality has been one of the greatest challenges for bodies fighting to ensure societies within this region abolish gender differentiations (which are clear from the simple social systems, to the complex political systems). As in any society, traditions play a central role when it comes to defining roles suitable to different individuals of different sexes in the Gulf region whereby, depending on the political orientation of countries with in this region, the Sharia laws finds wide applications. Although these laws find wide application in many Gulf countries, culture forms the main basis of all role assignments. In addition, it is important to note that, with the increased gender balance campaigns, the war on gender discrimination has gained many achievements as concerns liberating the Gulf women from social, political, and economic oppressions. Such advances are clear in countries for example, Bahrain and Kuwait. Although this is the case, like any other war, the war of women’s liberation politically, socially, and economically still faces many challenges due to the nature of policies (traditional, social and political), which the Gulf countries have adopted (Janardhan p.1). Islam as the main religion of this area has been one of the main contributors to the clear role disparity that exist between men and women. This is because; the religion appreciates the gender differences that exist between men and wome n. This to some extent has been the greatest impediment towards achieving gender equity, because religion forms one of the core factors that determine any society’s lifestyles (Al-Yousef p.2). For example, cases of the misuse of the Islamic law are prevalent in Bahrain; a country that does not have an integrated family law. On the other hand, it is important to note that, current efforts by gender discrimination fighting bodies to eliminate some personal status law that are discriminatory have always hit a snag, as such efforts receive strong opposition from Islamic extremists (Dunne p.1). Many societal forces also have been the greatest obstacles towards achievement of gender equality. This is because; there exists a conflict between modernization and globalization with the old embraced values. The religious-tribal aspect forms the main backbone of practices adopted by inhabitants of these regions. Such religious-tribal held values by societies have been greatly jeopardized globalization and modernization efforts. This is because at one end traditional values create many gender differentiations when it comes to role assignment, participation in labor, and educational attainment among male and female, whereas modernization endeavors to eliminate them. The scenario is even worse when it comes to political and economic developments, due to the fact that, there exist few programs geared towards women empowerment (Dunne p.1). As Nazir (Para. 22-23) argues, lack enough information to women in this nations is another great hindrance towards achieving gender equality. Lack of information as concerns global leadership, is prevalent in these countries, although to some extent women organizations have tried to bridge the gap. Majority of researchers attribute the lack of information to the media, for many research findings show that, governments control most media houses hence, dictating what people receive. On the hand, it is important to note that, although s uch impediments exists, majority of the Gulf countries have come up with initiatives to counter this problem, although some countries still have remained adamant in changing their gender policies for example, Saudi Arabia (Wagner p.1). Conclusion In conclusion, considering the importance of women’s participation in economic and political development, it is important for countries within this region to try to alleviate the prevalent gender differentiations, which exist presently for better development of these nations. These countries can achieve this through adoption of policies, which will support women development and innovation efforts in al spheres of development. In addition, these countries should come up with women empowering programs and legislations measures that will oversee protection and respect of their rights by all individuals in the governments. This is because; achievement of this will ensure that, societies eliminate the traditional beliefs, which have impr isoned majority of Women’s innovative initiatives. Al-Yousef, Nourah. The status of women in the Arab gulf countries. 2010. Web. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:aUUw8uy-aQAJ:repository.ksu.edu.sa/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4060/1/Women%2520in%2520the%2520Gulf.pdf+women+and+the+gulf+politicshl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESiB8C3z0bIbVPlCtvlu9AzIrZoLCtdiVqdqLORbv5zgMsdT4zOFEJjG2UFLJMB0e6oRohwNxsP56oKSyJ_UZm7V2zZxViVEp3EoQ3UwxrTeWygbDV8qcGs0anJOEuyavsQaedQJsig=AHIEtbREF_5Y4XbgIpVYtAVZri3iKbRqKw Abano, Joyce. Many Gulf women qualify for political careers. Zwaya, 26 Jan. 2010. Web. zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100126040616/Many%20Gulf%20women%20qualify%20for%20political%20careers%20/ Dunne, Michele. Women’s political participation in the Gulf: a conversation with activists Fatin Bundagji (Saudi Arabia), Rola Dashti (Kuwait), and Munira Fakhoro (Bahrain). Arab Reform Bulletin, 12 Aug. 2008. Web. carnegieendowment.org/arb/?fa=showarticle=20516 Fatany, Samar and Talei, Rafiah. Perspectives: Gulf Arab women breaking the glass ceiling in politics. Common Ground News Service, 31 March. 2009. Web. commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=25139lan=ensid=1sp=0 Gulf Today. Gulf countries. 2010. Web. thegulftoday.com/ Peterson, John. The political status of women in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East journal, 43(1) (1989): 34-50. Web. jstor.org/stable/4327879?seq=1 Janardhan, Meena. In the gulf, women are not women’s friends. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, 20 June. 2005. Web. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/gulf-women-are-not-women%E2%80%99s-best-friends Krause, Wanda. Kuwait program on development, governance, and globalization in the Gulf state: gender and participation in the Arab Gulf. The Center for the Study of Global Governance. 2009. Web. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:_RTa712TV8YJ:www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEKP/documents/Krause.pdf+gender+disparities+in+the+gulf+region+and+the+world+politicshl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=AD GEEShZUIlMwOfK1mDmeiPbXQbCxJCR7QfQTlDG8fOXYaCn0okf2iCbuaYNTjNfw58vLjn1ODh2hmIibM_UweDZjEvAEm4Gbseif0fX0UwY2hw8M1dl1u1bGtvqTmwcsXSU33i-UxNgsig=AHIEtbQo0891rNvls2FXiLql9NXVxx1jEA Nazir, Sameena. Challenging inequality: obstacles and opportunities towards women’s rights In the Middle East and North Africa. Freedom House. 2010. Web. freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=163 Shanahan, Roger. Women in Arab politics. The interpreter, 2 June. 2009. Web. lowyinterpreter.org/post/2009/06/02/women-in-arab-politics-%28part-1%29.aspx Wagner, Cynthia. Progress report on discrimination against women. All Business, 1 May. 2008. Web. allbusiness.com/population-demographics/demographic-groups/10200041-1.html

WATCH AMERICA MOVIE (1999) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WATCH AMERICA MOVIE (1999) - Essay Example The difference is that the director has given a comic touch, not with any intension to ridicule, but a reflection of realities such as the risks, experience and economy, which are compulsorily required to make films. Brochardt’s passion for films holds his frustrations and temperament within limits, and he is portrayed in such a way that till he completes the movie he never thinks of getting back form his desires over what he has headed for. In the beginning his intensions to make a movie called â€Å"NorthWestern† movie requires financial support and experience, so he changes his plan. His experience allows him to make up a horror short film and he decides that if he could sell 3000 copies of that movie’s videotape, he could plan a successful attempt to shoot his prime story Northwestern. Coven is supposed to be the horror film, which Brochardt has named, and though it might not look like a movie taken by experienced crew, the incidents covering the shooting spot probably helps the people to figure out reflections on Borchardt’s individuality, sincerity and interest and his flair for cinematography. His deep focus shot around the graveyard shows his talent and deep interest. The situations leading to a comic effect and Brochardt’s strong desires to achieve his dream will take away the notion of a documentary film. He also seems to have a depth of field which is reflected in his ideas about the Northwestern movie. Though â€Å"Coven† does not seem to materialize a good movie, the factors such as lack of professional team, financial support etc, could be added for the failure and low quality. But his interest and talents reflected on the spots gives way for the opinion that he too could make good movies provided the factors related to make movie reach him favourably. This is because he is very clear in his endeavour to reach the aim. The crew consist of his mother [ who likes to support him inspite of her lack of

Sociology Research Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology Research Literature Review - Essay Example There is no doubting that terrorism is a 'hot topic', in recent times it has come to dominate global media coverage almost to the point of socially damaging saturation. It has been a long held belief amongst academics of all persuasions that an individual's perception of social reality is often based on the information available to them. As a highly influential medium both print and electronic media is an important source of information within the global society. The individual factor of writer, reporter or journalist influences the presentation of ideas in the media. News provides information the reader, on the basis of his or her own knowledge, perception and level of analytical skill; help them form opinions or beliefs about a given set of circumstances. Many factors influence this process building a social construct of reality in the society, such as, the level of understanding that a reader has for the language, tone, pictures used, context and time of the appearance of the news . News published on terrorist activities during sensitive time like war is likely to have more impact than it might during peace. The use of words, language and pictures in that particular context impacts dramatically on the perception of the masses. A series of recent terrorist activities have been largely associated with religious militant organisations, in the name of faith, god, religion and religious responsibilities young minds are being trained to get involve in terrorist activity. Derrida suggests that deconstructive faith has to be distinguished from a particular order of messianic faith (a faith within a determinable horizon) (1998, 8). The September 11 attack and London 7/7 Bombings are current examples of Derrida's notion of destructive faith. This news has presented by media groups around the world as being the product of Islam, Islamic faith, terrorism and Al-Qaeda. Linking these ideas together creates an ideology in the mass media that automatically presumes that these individual variables are synonymous to each other; this ideology created by the media then becomes problematic. The role of ideology then, requires consideration; defining 'ideology' can be difficult in itself. Chomsky (2002) raises various issues on the way media represents various issues of war, trade union issues and terrorism. The issues ranged from the presentation of these events by media and control of powerful groups over these mediums to control thought process of mass. Various other issues are raised in Said (1996, 44) on his work "Covering Islam". These were related to the partial knowledge of the people in West about Islam and questioned the interpretation based on this partial knowledge. Crelinsten (1989, 167-198), Slone (2000, 450-520), Weimann and Winn (1994, 51-89) explained in their works the emotional effect of the media stories. According to them media stories are highly sensational and selective. This is apparent from the news appearing on various media sources. The stories about pain, killings and inhuman activities sell more than other constructive stories. The appetite of society for the bad stories has been largely commercialized by several media groups. (Altheide

Manegment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manegment - Essay Example My better communication skill and listening skill will help me in getting things done through the workforce in the organization. This will also create a sense of trust among the teams. â€Å"Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identity of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves† (Charismatic Leadership). My percentage in faith in people is 54%. This means that I have low faith in people. This will help me to connect the reality of performance and trust with the people. This rate also indicates my capability to take financial challenges and to create integrity among the work group. My trustworthy score is 47. That means others may feel me as a trustworthy person. This will help me to create a trusting bond between me and the team. I feel that I can improve myself more by improving by presenting more consistency in the commitments and maintaining confidence among the team. My rating in disciplining others is 19. This means my shortcomings in discipline skill. I need to be more conscious in matters regarding taking timely actions, in modulating tones while speaking or discussing about infractions and to be particular about the problems within the organizations. Team building activities helps in developing organizational culture. My team building skill helps in lies in the second quartile with 79 points. I need to be more conscious in developing my skill to motivate and develop the team as a whole. Some more interpersonal skills have to be improved like communication and negotiation. My

Factors affecting change

Factors affecting change Explain briefly what kind of change has taken place in both the organization, and discuss the reasons of this change, identify whether it is a result of internal environmental factors or external environmental factors in both organizations you selected. Comparison of Chosen organizations I have chosen two organizations names, Tandoori Restaurant and Tata Motors, so Tandoori Restaurant is a small and private owned business as compare with other business because Tata Motors is an international and large brand so it is well known everywhere but both businesses are based in India. Overview of Tandoori Restaurant I have been with Tandoori Restaurant since two years as a waiter or serving staff. I analyze the changes in management when a senior casher Mr. Sangit Singh got position of manager so he brought several changes in management and system. Specifically he brought internal changes in the efficiency and performance of employees. Major Changes Business Hours; he change the business hours and maintain the new roster for employees, they spend more potential hours on work especially breakfast means early morning and dinner times to late night. Customer services focus; he put the certain ways and rules to employees for customer orientation like that deal politely and take order carefully etc. He trained the waiters how they take correct order and they should know the recipes of all dishes because some time customer asked about the ingredients before recording order. He has given the new bright vision to all employees about culture differences and diversities because some time customers belong to different cultures and religions. He builds up proper communication between chef and waiters about the food, ingredients and customer orders and if customer changed his order so waiter conveniently replace the order. Chef performance; leader improves the chef performance because he believes that chef should be active, professional and expert in all areas of cooking. In busy hours chef should be quick and cook several recepies at a time. He strictly check the quantity of cooked food and he stop the wastage of cooked food, in this way daily they cooked estimated numbers of people food and they saved their raw food items. Internal Reasons for Change Tandoori Restaurant is a small and private business so in the end of fiscal year they found the bit loss and their business is not growing so than they brought Mr.Singht Singh as a restaurant manager. He modifies the management system and he took initiative for the business growth. He brought some internal and external changes like that; Customer focus; he improve the quality of customer services and he gave the trial and training of dealing the several culture customers. they were in full competition so they need to provide best customer services and more working hours with the variety of food and may be time to time they need to do promotion offers as well. They have to improve the culture gap between employees of restaurant. Chef performance; he improves the kitchen management and chef performance during busy working hours. Meanwhile he reduces the wastage of cooked food and save the raw food and money. Overview of Tata Motors Tata Motors was highly successfully, well diversified and globally ambitious automobile giant represents one of Indias most remarkable corporate successful. Tata Motors has a 5 billion loss when suddenly his trucks demand collapsed so thats why by the end of fiscal year of March 2001they had a biggest lost in the history of company. Major Changes Less Cyclical Product; they focus on less cyclical products like that light commercial vehicles, buses, spare parts and passenger cars and they put their resources and effort on these products. Domestic Market Share; Today Tata Motors transformed in to worlds fifth-largest manufacturer of medium and heavy trucks .Now it has got 61 percent domestic market share in this sector. It is in number-two position for sales of passenger vehicles in the Indian market. Overseas Market; It has also built a significant global presence and establish the sales efforts in overseas markets because they want to improve and maintain their sales level. Tata is one of the large Company doing e-sourcing in India and it is one of the world wide leading automobile industry. Joint Venture; Tata Motors has formed a joint venture with Marcopolo, the Brazilian bus manufacturer, these are the international brands. Tata Motors will flourish their business with them. Tata Motors has embarked on a wide-ranging global partnership with the Italian group-an arrangement that both sides expect to flourish. External Reasons for change: Less Demand; Tata Motors faced a problem of less demand for its core product, so their main product was trucks and they face the loss sale in the present market so they invested on other products like that spare parts, passengers cars etc. Competition threat; they have a threat from overseas automobile companies because market is full with the competition of model, price and quality. There was a threat from overseas competitors Government Encouragement; There was an opportunity from encouraging social and economic trends like new mobility of young Indians, the governments large road-building program, and generally floating GDP growth. Internal Reasons for Change Loss in Profit; They had a loss of 5 billion rupees in annual fiscal year of March 2001. They had fewer sales so thats why that loss was a significant for business. Expansion of Business; they have desired to expand business in entire their own country and other countries as well. Desire of expand business. Question 2 Use your research and analytical ability and explain what was the role of the leaders in both organizations throughout the change. Also explain how various leaders applied their ideas and concepts in the process of change management. Answer; Role of Tandoori Restaurant He is a best leader because he brought the new way to do things right and flourish the business. He has several leadership qualities like that Brain Storming; he was the leader who has good brain storming skills because he cheered a meeting and discussions with employees before giving them change plan. Motivate; he motivated the employees to do hard work and learn new market skills for the improvement of existing business and he announce the bonus cash at the end of fiscal year for the most hardworking, regular and efficient employee. Team work; he gave the spirit of team work in the environment of restaurant and he realized to employees that business will go with team work, emphasis on the co-operation of chef, waiters and manager with each other and all the employees should work for the business growth. Customer Focus; he concentrate on customer services and dealing, basically this is the core area of business where they taught employees who they can focus on customers. Role of Tata Motor Leader; At the time of transformation, they had a problem of 40 % reduction in the commercial-vehicle market in India. They had loss of 5 billion rupee in March 2001 and it was happened first time in the companys history. But Ravi Kant along with his team understood the situation and tried to know what had gone wrong and to create a best path for the future, so that they never face such situation in future again. Cost Reduction; after big loss in business they planned to reduce the cost of product because they were facing the reduction in sales so all the Costs had to be reduced in a bigger way, and that was challenge for him as a companys point of view. Company Position; he maintain the standard of product and he retained the companys position in business market of India. He planned for expansion companys operations internationally. They being a unit Improved quality of a product. Employees Focus; he arranged the meetings and discussions for employees to know customer problems, demands and suggestions. Staff Training; He facilitated proper training programme for different staff and workers. Unity and Encouragement; he set and specify the certain ways to create unity among all staff and workers. He encourages the workers about their performance and coming challenges. Broad Vision; he has a broad business vision about national and international market. He knows the demand and opportunities of different products as well he knows the more potential international market. Optimistic; he was fully confident and optimistic about future of his business and he convert the both skills to employees. Question 3 Compare and evaluate the application of leadership in change management in both the organizations and discuss the similarities and differences in implementation of leadership ideas in both organizations. Answer; Comparisons; Tandori Restaurant has incremental change in management and Tata motors has transformational changes in their set up. Tata Motors is a big international known brand and Tandoori Restaurant is a local Indian based business and it is a small business. Similarities; Both organizations are customer focused and profit oriented because their main focus to gain more customers and earn significant profit. As well they have focus to maintain the good repute of their companies in local market. Both has a staff training programmes and counseling and staff problem solvers because their leaders believe if staff and employees are happy so they must show the best results in their performance. In this regard they listen their employees and consider their constructive suggestions. Both companies focused on team work and create cooperative and constructive environment for the employees and they vanish the communication gap and cultural difference between staff and employees of companies. Outcome of Changes in Tandoori Restaurant He was an intelligent and broad vision leader because Manager Singet Singh knew that their internal demand, which is quite high, will help as an important instrument for reactivating the economy of restaurant. Manager of restaurant knows the challenge and competition of restaurant in local market so thats why he brought professional business changes. Being a Manager Singet Singh took initiative in these incremental changes in restaurant management. However his recommendations are acceptable by the owner and employees of restaurant. The leader of Restaurant played a key role in the management of company and he realized that the decision-making process was a reflection of how he used to manage the company. Leader was fully committed with his given tasks and confident about his steps that what he is doing, is the right way to go. Leader has to be committed for what he is going to do. If he is trust on himself then people will follow him. Tandoori Restaurant manager encouraged and appreciate the hard working and consistent staff, in this regard he announce the cash bounce in the end of fiscal year. Restaurant manager acknowledge the value and objective of the company and he has taken steps in the interest of company. Outcome of Tata Motors Tata Motors leader is intellectual and broad exposure about business market so he took the initiative to manage and regain the financial stability of Tata Motors. At the time of diversification, TATA Motors had a problem of 40 % shrunk in the commercial-vehicle market in India. There was a loss of 5 billion rupee in 2001 and it was happened first time in the companys history. So leader was still optimistic and struggling to retain the position and revenue of the company. But still they understood the situation, tried to know what had gone wrong and to create a path for the future. So they never face such situation in future. TATA Motors had unity among their staff member thats why Ravi Kant says that if they would have had tried to go only through the top, they might not have succeeded as well, and the transformation might have taken much longer. TATA Motors facilitated breakfast meetings to boost staff, asking them for their frank views. Understanding they were suffocated and they wanted change. So they started picking out some them to face challenges and grow in company. Leader has to be patient, persistent, and brave at the same time. Meanwhile leader Ravi Kant considered the intrinsic values of employees as well and he took some tough people decisions. With those who are very closed to you because the company comes first; and leader is here to do what is best for the company.   Leaders should be patience and confident as we see Ravi Kant being a chairman, he has enough patience and confidence throughout entire management. He was the leader who has persistent attitude towards company growth and maintenance. Differences in both Companies Tandoori Restaurant is a small and private owned business and leader is bit autocratic with employees. Restaurant has the incremental internal changes because leader reorganizes the system of restaurant. Tata Motors is a big business but leader of this company is democratic because he invites the employees to discuss the issues and suggestion of customers. Tata Motors is a transformational internal and external change in his setup and management.

Invisible Man - A Black Man in a White World :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellison’s The Invisible Man shows the conflict or struggle of one Black man struggling in a white culture. The most important section of this novel is that in, which the narrator joins â€Å"the Brotherhood†, an organization designed to improve the condition under which his race is at the time. The narrator works hard for society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The narrator works hard for being rewarded society and his efforts named the representative of Harlem district. One of the first people he meets is Brother Tarp, a veteran worker in the Harlem district, who gives the narrator the chain link he broke nineteen years ago, while freeing himself from being imprisoned. Brother Tarp's imprisonment was for standing up to a white man. Therefore, he was sent to jail. Imprisonment made brother Tarp similar to invisible because, he lost part of his identity. However, he regained it by escaping the prison and giving himself a new name.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chain plays an interesting part in the entire play. The chain symbolizes the narrator’s experience in college, where he was restricted to living up to Dr. Bredsoe’s rules. He feels that he too is trying to be an individual free of others people’s control. The chain functions as a link in several ways, between the two men, between the past and the present, as a symbol of opression, and eventually as a weapon for the Invisible Man as he uses it to fight in a street riot. It reminds the narrator significally of his grandfather, a man repressed by the system who went through his entire life trying to obey but at the same time hating all the men in power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the end of the novel, the narrator continues to fight for his community. He feels betrayed and now he wants to destroy â€Å"The Brotherhood†. His plan does not work out. He tells the people of Harlem to go on a riot. He falls down though, he gets into isolation. While in isolation he decides that he wants to go back to the society. He grows to understand what the brotherhood and what Mr. Bedsoe (mentor) could never understood, that individuality doesn’t exclude being part of a group. He learned to be an individual for himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I personally, enjoyed reading â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison. The book I read was nonfiction, it was published in _______, copyright date _______.